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Engineering Letters
Objectives and Scope Engineering Letters is published with both online and print versions. The journal covers the frontier issues in the engineering and the computer science and their applications in business, industry and other subjects. The computer science is a branch of engineering science that studies computable processes and structures. It contains theories for understanding computing systems and methods; computational algorithms and tools; methodologies for testing of concepts. The subjects covered by the journal include artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, computational statistics, database, data mining, financial engineering, hardware systems, imaging engineering, industrial engineering, internet computing, networking, operations research, scientific computing, software engineering, and their applications etc. Printed copies of the journal are distributed to accredited universities and government libraries. All the papers in the journal are also available freely with online full-text content and permanent worldwide web link. The abstracts will be indexed and available at major academic databases. ISSN: 1816-0948 (online version); 1816-093X (print version) Subject Category: Computer science and engineering Published by: International Association of Engineers
Contents: Volume 33 Issue 10 (Online version available: 1 October 2025) [Cover page] [Table of Content]
JOURNAL PAPERS: An Optimized Mature State Detection Model for Apple Flowers Under Complex Orchard Fengping Zhang, Yujing Yang, Li Xu, and Weikuan Jia Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3895-3907 [Online Full Text] Fengping Zhang, Yujing Yang, Li Xu, and Weikuan Jia, "An Optimized Mature State Detection Model for Apple Flowers Under Complex Orchard," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3895-3907, 2025
General Degree Product Energy of Graphs SANGAM MADABHAVI, K ARATHI BHAT, and SHAHISTHA HANIF Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3908-3915 [Online Full Text] SANGAM MADABHAVI, K ARATHI BHAT, and SHAHISTHA HANIF, "General Degree Product Energy of Graphs," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3908-3915, 2025
Research on Expression Recognition Algorithm Based on Deep Learning Ziyue Wang, Hang Yin, Honghe Xie, and Jiaqi Gu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3916-3925 [Online Full Text] Ziyue Wang, Hang Yin, Honghe Xie, and Jiaqi Gu, "Research on Expression Recognition Algorithm Based on Deep Learning," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3916-3925, 2025
PED-YOLO: Lightweight Framework for Foggy Target Detection Zhehao Zhang, Tianwei Shi, Jianbang Ding, and Ruiqi Wang Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3926-3937 [Online Full Text] Zhehao Zhang, Tianwei Shi, Jianbang Ding, and Ruiqi Wang, "PED-YOLO: Lightweight Framework for Foggy Target Detection," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3926-3937, 2025
An EPQ-Type Inventory Model Incorporating Deterioration, Defective Products, Quadratic Demand Rate, Linear Holding Cost Rate of Non-Defective Products, and Carbon Emission Antonius Tri Wahyudi, Dharma Lesmono, and Jonathan Hoseana Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3938-3945 [Online Full Text] Antonius Tri Wahyudi, Dharma Lesmono, and Jonathan Hoseana, "An EPQ-Type Inventory Model Incorporating Deterioration, Defective Products, Quadratic Demand Rate, Linear Holding Cost Rate of Non-Defective Products, and Carbon Emission," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3938-3945, 2025
Message Passing and Edge Attention in Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks for Disease Diagnosis Xiaodong Zhu, Dan Yang, and Yang Liu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3946-3956 [Online Full Text] Xiaodong Zhu, Dan Yang, and Yang Liu, "Message Passing and Edge Attention in Heterogeneous Graph Neural Networks for Disease Diagnosis," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3946-3956, 2025
Hybrid Spiral Superb Fairy-wren Optimization Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch Problem Xin-Yi Guan, Jie-Sheng Wang, Hao-Ming Song, and Jia-Hui Zhao Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3957-3973 [Online Full Text] Xin-Yi Guan, Jie-Sheng Wang, Hao-Ming Song, and Jia-Hui Zhao, "Hybrid Spiral Superb Fairy-wren Optimization Algorithm for Economic Load Dispatch Problem," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3957-3973, 2025
Improved Wave-U-Net Blind Source Separation Using Content-Aware Filtering and Dynamic Downsampling Sainan Tang, Fei Long, Shengbo Hu, and Quan Liu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3974-3984 [Online Full Text] Sainan Tang, Fei Long, Shengbo Hu, and Quan Liu, "Improved Wave-U-Net Blind Source Separation Using Content-Aware Filtering and Dynamic Downsampling," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3974-3984, 2025
Single-shot Phase Retrieval from Linear Canonical Transform with Deep Physical Neural Networks Wei Lin, and Yulong Mao Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3985-3997 [Online Full Text] Wei Lin, and Yulong Mao, "Single-shot Phase Retrieval from Linear Canonical Transform with Deep Physical Neural Networks," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3985-3997, 2025
Delta-Color Complement of a Graph Sahana S R, Sabitha D'Souza, and Swati Nayak Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp3998-4003 [Online Full Text] Sahana S R, Sabitha D'Souza, and Swati Nayak, "Delta-Color Complement of a Graph," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp3998-4003, 2025
The Effects of Shear Parameters on Dynamic Response Behavior of EEM based on Numerical Simulation Jianmin Zhou, Yongsheng Jia, Mingsheng Zhao, and Xuelai Shu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4004-4010 [Online Full Text] Jianmin Zhou, Yongsheng Jia, Mingsheng Zhao, and Xuelai Shu, "The Effects of Shear Parameters on Dynamic Response Behavior of EEM based on Numerical Simulation," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4004-4010, 2025
A Novel Biphase Complementary Code Sidelobe Suppression Method Liyu Tian, Yiding Liang, Miao He, and Baopeng Sun Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4011-4016 [Online Full Text] Liyu Tian, Yiding Liang, Miao He, and Baopeng Sun, "A Novel Biphase Complementary Code Sidelobe Suppression Method," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4011-4016, 2025
Comparison of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Structures in the Performance of Reflective Multiband Metasurfaces Taufiqqurrachman, Mohamad Kamal B. A. Rahim, Noor Asmawati Binti Samsuri, Yusuf Nur Wijayanto, Nur Syahirah Mohd Yaziz, and Sunusi Garba Mohammed Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4017-4022 [Online Full Text] Taufiqqurrachman, Mohamad Kamal B. A. Rahim, Noor Asmawati Binti Samsuri, Yusuf Nur Wijayanto, Nur Syahirah Mohd Yaziz, and Sunusi Garba Mohammed, "Comparison of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Structures in the Performance of Reflective Multiband Metasurfaces," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4017-4022, 2025
On the Extended Deterministic Row-Action Method with Maximum Weighted Residual and Its Convergence Analysis Ya-Nan Zhao, Nian-Ci Wu, and Chengzhi Liu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4023-4029 [Online Full Text] Ya-Nan Zhao, Nian-Ci Wu, and Chengzhi Liu, "On the Extended Deterministic Row-Action Method with Maximum Weighted Residual and Its Convergence Analysis," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4023-4029, 2025
A Study on New Energy Stock Price Prediction Based on Error Compensation Hybrid Model Tian-ci Ma, and Yong Zhang Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4030-4044 [Online Full Text] Tian-ci Ma, and Yong Zhang, "A Study on New Energy Stock Price Prediction Based on Error Compensation Hybrid Model," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4030-4044, 2025
Optimization of Urban Rail Multi-composition Operation Plan Based on Improved Space-time Network Ruifa Niu, Changfeng Zhu, Yunqi Fu, Jie Wang, Linna Cheng, and Rongjie Kuang Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4045-4060 [Online Full Text] Ruifa Niu, Changfeng Zhu, Yunqi Fu, Jie Wang, Linna Cheng, and Rongjie Kuang, "Optimization of Urban Rail Multi-composition Operation Plan Based on Improved Space-time Network," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4045-4060, 2025
Oral Radiological Indices Calculation Based on SAM Yupeng Du, Qiang Qu, Cong Zhang, Xu Wang, Guowen Kuang, Mengna Wen, Man Liu, Jinfeng Yang, Fengyu Liang, and Panpan Yuan Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4061-4070 [Online Full Text] Yupeng Du, Qiang Qu, Cong Zhang, Xu Wang, Guowen Kuang, Mengna Wen, Man Liu, Jinfeng Yang, Fengyu Liang, and Panpan Yuan, "Oral Radiological Indices Calculation Based on SAM," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4061-4070, 2025
A Method for Solving TSP Based on Multi-scale GNN and Enhanced Ant Colony Optimization Qiongdan Huang, Shilin Kang, Jiapeng Wang, Jiejing Han, and Lulu Liu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4071-4082 [Online Full Text] Qiongdan Huang, Shilin Kang, Jiapeng Wang, Jiejing Han, and Lulu Liu, "A Method for Solving TSP Based on Multi-scale GNN and Enhanced Ant Colony Optimization," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4071-4082, 2025
Numerical Investigation of Scale-2 and Scale-3 Haar Wavelet Approaches for Solving Elliptic Partial Differential Equations Avinash K, Sharath Kumar Shettigar, and Harinakshi Karkera Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4083-4097 [Online Full Text] Avinash K, Sharath Kumar Shettigar, and Harinakshi Karkera, "Numerical Investigation of Scale-2 and Scale-3 Haar Wavelet Approaches for Solving Elliptic Partial Differential Equations," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4083-4097, 2025
Green Building Design Optimization Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Algorithm Yousheng Yuan Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4098-4107 [Online Full Text] Yousheng Yuan, "Green Building Design Optimization Based on Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Algorithm," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4098-4107, 2025
CLNSO: A Knowledge-Aware Recommendation Algorithm Based on Comparative Learning and Negative Sample Optimization Jie Yang, Wenhua Cui, Ye Tao, and Tianwei Shi Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4108-4118 [Online Full Text] Jie Yang, Wenhua Cui, Ye Tao, and Tianwei Shi, "CLNSO: A Knowledge-Aware Recommendation Algorithm Based on Comparative Learning and Negative Sample Optimization," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4108-4118, 2025
Almost Periodic Dynamics of a Delayed Hematopoiesis Model with Feedback Control Keke Min, Lian Duan, and Ping Chu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4119-4125 [Online Full Text] Keke Min, Lian Duan, and Ping Chu, "Almost Periodic Dynamics of a Delayed Hematopoiesis Model with Feedback Control," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4119-4125, 2025
Solving Security-Constrained OPF Problems: A Hybrid Multiswarm Particle Swarm Optimizer Venkata Ramana Gupta Nallagattla, Venugopal Gaddam, M. Rajasekaran, Tirumalasetti Lakshmi Narayana, and Ranjith Kumar Rupani Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4126-4134 [Online Full Text] Venkata Ramana Gupta Nallagattla, Venugopal Gaddam, M. Rajasekaran, Tirumalasetti Lakshmi Narayana, and Ranjith Kumar Rupani, "Solving Security-Constrained OPF Problems: A Hybrid Multiswarm Particle Swarm Optimizer," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4126-4134, 2025
Adaptive Fuzzy Optimal Backstepping Control of Twin-Roll Inclined Casting System Based on Actor-Critic Architecture Dongxiang Gao, Wenhua Cui, and Yujun Zhang Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4135-4141 [Online Full Text] Dongxiang Gao, Wenhua Cui, and Yujun Zhang, "Adaptive Fuzzy Optimal Backstepping Control of Twin-Roll Inclined Casting System Based on Actor-Critic Architecture," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4135-4141, 2025
Overview of the Aging Mechanisms and Diagnostic Methods of Oil-Immersed Transformer Insulation Systems Ruiming Wang, Fubao Jin, Shangang Ma, and Deibao Wang Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4142-4152 [Online Full Text] Ruiming Wang, Fubao Jin, Shangang Ma, and Deibao Wang, "Overview of the Aging Mechanisms and Diagnostic Methods of Oil-Immersed Transformer Insulation Systems," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4142-4152, 2025
ADHSTGCN: Adaptive Dual Hypergraph Spatiotemporal Convolutional Network for Traffic Prediction Tong Zhang, and ZhiFeng Wang Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4153-4166 [Online Full Text] Tong Zhang, and ZhiFeng Wang, "ADHSTGCN: Adaptive Dual Hypergraph Spatiotemporal Convolutional Network for Traffic Prediction," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4153-4166, 2025
A Dual-Layer Perturbation-Based Pied Kingfisher Optimizer for Solving the Economic Load Dispatch Problem Xin-Yi Guan, Jie-Sheng Wang, Hao-Ming Song, and Jia-Hui Zhao Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4167-4179 [Online Full Text] Xin-Yi Guan, Jie-Sheng Wang, Hao-Ming Song, and Jia-Hui Zhao, "A Dual-Layer Perturbation-Based Pied Kingfisher Optimizer for Solving the Economic Load Dispatch Problem," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4167-4179, 2025
Implementing Benders Decomposition Method on Multi-objective Integer Adjustable Robust Counterpart Optimization Model with Polyhedral Uncertainty Set Diah Chaerani, Athaya Zahrani Irmansyah, Muhammad Ribhan Hadiyan, Endang Rusyaman, and Anita Triska Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4180-4189 [Online Full Text] Diah Chaerani, Athaya Zahrani Irmansyah, Muhammad Ribhan Hadiyan, Endang Rusyaman, and Anita Triska, "Implementing Benders Decomposition Method on Multi-objective Integer Adjustable Robust Counterpart Optimization Model with Polyhedral Uncertainty Set," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4180-4189, 2025
Research on Deformation Resistance Modeling for 316 stainless steel Ningyu Du, Jinlong Fan, and Hailun Xu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4190-4195 [Online Full Text] Ningyu Du, Jinlong Fan, and Hailun Xu, "Research on Deformation Resistance Modeling for 316 stainless steel," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4190-4195, 2025
Hyperspectral Sparse Unmixing based on Spectral Library Pruning and Adaptive Total Variation Constraint Chenguang Xu, Yande Liu, Zhixuan Li, Yinglong Peng, Zhaoming Wu, and Chengzhi Deng Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4196-4209 [Online Full Text] Chenguang Xu, Yande Liu, Zhixuan Li, Yinglong Peng, Zhaoming Wu, and Chengzhi Deng, "Hyperspectral Sparse Unmixing based on Spectral Library Pruning and Adaptive Total Variation Constraint," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4196-4209, 2025
Steel Strip Surface Defect Detection Method Based on Improved YOLOv8 Shihao Yuan, Yuanyuan Li, and Zewei Gao Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4210-4223 [Online Full Text] Shihao Yuan, Yuanyuan Li, and Zewei Gao, "Steel Strip Surface Defect Detection Method Based on Improved YOLOv8," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4210-4223, 2025
Cooperative Control of Virtually Coupled Train Sets through the Fusion of Multiple Car-Following Models Mingjun Qian, Zhiwen Huang, and Chao Yin Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4224-4237 [Online Full Text] Mingjun Qian, Zhiwen Huang, and Chao Yin, "Cooperative Control of Virtually Coupled Train Sets through the Fusion of Multiple Car-Following Models," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4224-4237, 2025
Effective Load Scheduling in Distributed Demand Response Framework using ADMM Rishabh Verma, Rajesh Kumar, and Shalini Pal Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4238-4246 [Online Full Text] Rishabh Verma, Rajesh Kumar, and Shalini Pal, "Effective Load Scheduling in Distributed Demand Response Framework using ADMM," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4238-4246, 2025
Multimodal Emotion Recognition Based on a Dual-Stream MFCC-MobileNetV2 Architecture Qiong Yang, Aodi Lv, and Feng Liu Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4247-4255 [Online Full Text] Qiong Yang, Aodi Lv, and Feng Liu, "Multimodal Emotion Recognition Based on a Dual-Stream MFCC-MobileNetV2 Architecture," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4247-4255, 2025
Optimized Implementation of Multi-channel Parallel Polynomial Multipliers for Crystal-Kyber Yihao Zhang, Xiaoting Hu, Hanpeng Zhu, and Zelong Dai Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4256-4264 [Online Full Text] Yihao Zhang, Xiaoting Hu, Hanpeng Zhu, and Zelong Dai, "Optimized Implementation of Multi-channel Parallel Polynomial Multipliers for Crystal-Kyber," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4256-4264, 2025
Establishment and Analysis of Standardized Model of Porpoise External Morphology Based on Computer Vision Hongbo Cao, and Haixu Xi Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4265-4272 [Online Full Text] Hongbo Cao, and Haixu Xi, "Establishment and Analysis of Standardized Model of Porpoise External Morphology Based on Computer Vision," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4265-4272, 2025
Research on Nicholson's Blowflies Models with Delays and Patch Structure Ahmadjan Muhammadhaji, and Jinting Zhao Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4273-4279 [Online Full Text] Ahmadjan Muhammadhaji, and Jinting Zhao, "Research on Nicholson's Blowflies Models with Delays and Patch Structure," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4273-4279, 2025
CDF-YOLO: An Object Detection Method for Steel Strip Defects Bingxu Hou, Zhengpeng Li, Jun Hu, Bin Yang, and Yuanyuan Zhang Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4280-4292 [Online Full Text] Bingxu Hou, Zhengpeng Li, Jun Hu, Bin Yang, and Yuanyuan Zhang, "CDF-YOLO: An Object Detection Method for Steel Strip Defects," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4280-4292, 2025
Incorporating Haversine Formula into DBSCAN for AIS Data-Based Ship Encounter Detection I Made Dwi Putra Asana, I Made Oka Widyantara, Linawati, and Dewa Made Wiharta Engineering Letters, 33:10, pp4293-4305 [Online Full Text] I Made Dwi Putra Asana, I Made Oka Widyantara, Linawati, and Dewa Made Wiharta, "Incorporating Haversine Formula into DBSCAN for AIS Data-Based Ship Encounter Detection," Engineering Letters, vol. 33, no. 10, pp4293-4305, 2025
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