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Engineering Letters
Objectives and Scope Engineering Letters is published with both online and print versions. The journal covers the frontier issues in the engineering and the computer science and their applications in business, industry and other subjects. The computer science is a branch of engineering science that studies computable processes and structures. It contains theories for understanding computing systems and methods; computational algorithms and tools; methodologies for testing of concepts. The subjects covered by the journal include artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, computational statistics, database, data mining, financial engineering, hardware systems, imaging engineering, industrial engineering, internet computing, networking, operations research, scientific computing, software engineering, and their applications etc. Printed copies of the journal are distributed to accredited universities and government libraries. All the papers in the journal are also available freely with online full-text content and permanent worldwide web link. The abstracts will be indexed and available at major academic databases. ISSN: 1816-0948 (online version); 1816-093X (print version) Subject Category: Computer science and engineering Published by: International Association of Engineers
Contents: Volume 34 Issue 5 (Online version available: 1 May 2026) [Cover page] [Table of Content]
JOURNAL PAPERS: Augmentation Algorithms of Radar Signals Dataset via Wigner-Ville Images Dazhi Zhao, Lei Huang, Hui Zhou, and Zelin Zhang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1469-1477 [Online Full Text] Dazhi Zhao, Lei Huang, Hui Zhou, and Zelin Zhang, "Augmentation Algorithms of Radar Signals Dataset via Wigner-Ville Images," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1469-1477, 2026
Unpaired Train Timetable Optimization for Metro Systems under Tidal Passenger Flow Zhiqiang Tian, Hui Lian, Guofeng Sun, Zhengkun Zhang, and Hui Liang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1478-1489 [Online Full Text] Zhiqiang Tian, Hui Lian, Guofeng Sun, Zhengkun Zhang, and Hui Liang, "Unpaired Train Timetable Optimization for Metro Systems under Tidal Passenger Flow," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1478-1489, 2026
Applications of Quantum Algorithms for Solving Overdetermined System of Equations and Linear Differential Equations Megala S, Ragukumar P, and Neelu Khare Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1490-1505 [Online Full Text] Megala S, Ragukumar P, and Neelu Khare, "Applications of Quantum Algorithms for Solving Overdetermined System of Equations and Linear Differential Equations," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1490-1505, 2026
Multi-Level Attention and Scale-Aware Fusion for Remote Sensing Scene Object Detection Yanling Li, Jiaman Li, Zhipeng Yang, and Chongyang Chen Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1506-1523 [Online Full Text] Yanling Li, Jiaman Li, Zhipeng Yang, and Chongyang Chen, "Multi-Level Attention and Scale-Aware Fusion for Remote Sensing Scene Object Detection," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1506-1523, 2026
Simulation of Truck-Involved Mixed Traffic Flow in Accident-Prone Sections Junwei Zeng, Pei Yang, Yongsheng Qian, and Xu Wei Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1524-1532 [Online Full Text] Junwei Zeng, Pei Yang, Yongsheng Qian, and Xu Wei, "Simulation of Truck-Involved Mixed Traffic Flow in Accident-Prone Sections," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1524-1532, 2026
YOLOv11-GSCSR:An Improved Surface Defect Detection in Steel Plates Model Based on YOLOv11 Nannan Li, Rongfen Gong, Maoxiang Chu, and Peinan Sun Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1533-1543 [Online Full Text] Nannan Li, Rongfen Gong, Maoxiang Chu, and Peinan Sun, "YOLOv11-GSCSR:An Improved Surface Defect Detection in Steel Plates Model Based on YOLOv11," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1533-1543, 2026
Exponential Model Analysis of the External Debt of Indonesia Using Linear Least Square Approximation Sri Purwani, Setyo Luthfi Okta Yohandoko, Elza Rahma Dihna, and Dwi Susanti Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1544-1552 [Online Full Text] Sri Purwani, Setyo Luthfi Okta Yohandoko, Elza Rahma Dihna, and Dwi Susanti, "Exponential Model Analysis of the External Debt of Indonesia Using Linear Least Square Approximation," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1544-1552, 2026
Weighted Dream Optimization Algorithm with jDE for Photovoltaic Parameter Identification Zhe Wang, and Yong Zhang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1553-1567 [Online Full Text] Zhe Wang, and Yong Zhang, "Weighted Dream Optimization Algorithm with jDE for Photovoltaic Parameter Identification," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1553-1567, 2026
Study on the Influence of Compaction Degree and Wall-Soil Friction Angle in TT Mode on the Active Failure Mechanism of Finite Soil Mass Sanxian Liu, Yongqing Zeng, Zhengfu Liu, Zuhui Long, Qiang Yin, Hongyu Lan, and Xiaohong Liu Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1568-1578 [Online Full Text] Sanxian Liu, Yongqing Zeng, Zhengfu Liu, Zuhui Long, Qiang Yin, Hongyu Lan, and Xiaohong Liu, "Study on the Influence of Compaction Degree and Wall-Soil Friction Angle in TT Mode on the Active Failure Mechanism of Finite Soil Mass," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1568-1578, 2026
Estimating Feasible Power Output Boundaries of CHP Units by Mining Extreme Power Values from Historical Operation Data Sequence Hongfei Du, Tao Jin, Fengsheng Jia, and Lin Cong Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1579-1588 [Online Full Text] Hongfei Du, Tao Jin, Fengsheng Jia, and Lin Cong, "Estimating Feasible Power Output Boundaries of CHP Units by Mining Extreme Power Values from Historical Operation Data Sequence," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1579-1588, 2026
Multi-view Partial Multi-label Learning via Label Distribution Siying Pan, Chumiao Sun, Minghao Zhou, Yiying Wang, and Qing Ai Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1589-1600 [Online Full Text] Siying Pan, Chumiao Sun, Minghao Zhou, Yiying Wang, and Qing Ai, "Multi-view Partial Multi-label Learning via Label Distribution," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1589-1600, 2026
Integrated Marine Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of Johor East Coast, Malaysia Ebrahim Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah, Arman Mokhtar, Fahmi Ideris, Jaan H. Pu, Mohamad Hidayat Jamal, Shamila Azman, and Mohamed Shahrom Hisham Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1601-1609 [Online Full Text] Ebrahim Al-Qadami, Mohd Adib Mohammad Razi, Syed Muzzamil Hussain Shah, Arman Mokhtar, Fahmi Ideris, Jaan H. Pu, Mohamad Hidayat Jamal, Shamila Azman, and Mohamed Shahrom Hisham, "Integrated Marine Water and Sediment Quality Assessment of Johor East Coast, Malaysia," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1601-1609, 2026
Multi-Task Cross-Stitch ConvNeXt Network with Composite Features for Bearing Fault Diagnosis Xiaobo Zhang, and Zhibin Chen Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1610-1627 [Online Full Text] Xiaobo Zhang, and Zhibin Chen, "Multi-Task Cross-Stitch ConvNeXt Network with Composite Features for Bearing Fault Diagnosis," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1610-1627, 2026
EDE-YOLO: Enhanced Dynamic Edge-Guided YOLO for Low-Light Object Detection Xiaofeng Li, Jie Wu, and Hangbing Lin Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1628-1636 [Online Full Text] Xiaofeng Li, Jie Wu, and Hangbing Lin, "EDE-YOLO: Enhanced Dynamic Edge-Guided YOLO for Low-Light Object Detection," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1628-1636, 2026
RSMH-YOLO: An Occluded Small Object Detection Algorithm for Lightweight UAV Based on YOLOv12 Linlin Song, and Ye Tao Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1637-1648 [Online Full Text] Linlin Song, and Ye Tao, "RSMH-YOLO: An Occluded Small Object Detection Algorithm for Lightweight UAV Based on YOLOv12," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1637-1648, 2026
Research on Traffic Flow Forecasting Using Multi-Scale Spatial-Temporal Modeling and Spectrum Enhancement Baoyu Sun, Hong Dai, and Jicheng Zhang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1649-1657 [Online Full Text] Baoyu Sun, Hong Dai, and Jicheng Zhang, "Research on Traffic Flow Forecasting Using Multi-Scale Spatial-Temporal Modeling and Spectrum Enhancement," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1649-1657, 2026
Shilling Attack in Recommender Systems: A Systematic Literature Review Abdelhakim Ediouani, Khalid Benabbes, and Ahmed Zellou Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1658-1673 [Online Full Text] Abdelhakim Ediouani, Khalid Benabbes, and Ahmed Zellou, "Shilling Attack in Recommender Systems: A Systematic Literature Review," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1658-1673, 2026
VBNet: A VLC Enabled Hybrid Network Architecture for Data Centers Linyu Yang, Hui Li, Qingfang Zhang, Xiaoyu Du, and Zhijie Han Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1674-1681 [Online Full Text] Linyu Yang, Hui Li, Qingfang Zhang, Xiaoyu Du, and Zhijie Han, "VBNet: A VLC Enabled Hybrid Network Architecture for Data Centers," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1674-1681, 2026
Event-Triggered Low-Computation Fuzzy Tracking Control for Stochastic Nonlinear Systems with Unmeasurable States Hanlu Ma, Xinyu Ouyang, and Nannan Zhao Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1682-1690 [Online Full Text] Hanlu Ma, Xinyu Ouyang, and Nannan Zhao, "Event-Triggered Low-Computation Fuzzy Tracking Control for Stochastic Nonlinear Systems with Unmeasurable States," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1682-1690, 2026
MHA-MFEPNet: Multi-Head Attention-Enhanced Multi-Feature Extraction and Propagation Network for Retinopathy Grading and Classification Zhenyu Chen, and Ziwei Zhou Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1691-1699 [Online Full Text] Zhenyu Chen, and Ziwei Zhou, "MHA-MFEPNet: Multi-Head Attention-Enhanced Multi-Feature Extraction and Propagation Network for Retinopathy Grading and Classification," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1691-1699, 2026
Design of Low Complexity Digital FIR Filter Based on PSO-LSTM Zhuoran Yu, Fangxin Zhu, Yanyu Yu, Yujun Chen, Jiayin Ye, Xing Yang, and Jiansheng Yang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1700-1706 [Online Full Text] Zhuoran Yu, Fangxin Zhu, Yanyu Yu, Yujun Chen, Jiayin Ye, Xing Yang, and Jiansheng Yang, "Design of Low Complexity Digital FIR Filter Based on PSO-LSTM," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1700-1706, 2026
A Convergence Based Study of Ramanujan's h-functions Towards Enhancing Mathematical Understanding Shambhavi Agachahalli Nanjegowda, Vidya Harekala Chandrashekara, Balbir Singh, and Subraya Krishna Bhat Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1707-1717 [Online Full Text] Shambhavi Agachahalli Nanjegowda, Vidya Harekala Chandrashekara, Balbir Singh, and Subraya Krishna Bhat, "A Convergence Based Study of Ramanujan's h-functions Towards Enhancing Mathematical Understanding," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1707-1717, 2026
Teaching Reform for Unlimited Connectivity by Liquid Crystal Low-cost Low-power Onboard Satellite Internet Projected for 5G-to-6G Cruise-Aviation Industries and Beyond Jinfeng Li, and Haorong Li Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1718-1730 [Online Full Text] Jinfeng Li, and Haorong Li, "Teaching Reform for Unlimited Connectivity by Liquid Crystal Low-cost Low-power Onboard Satellite Internet Projected for 5G-to-6G Cruise-Aviation Industries and Beyond," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1718-1730, 2026
CAE-YOLO: An Efficient Underwater Object Detection Method Based on YOLOv8 Quansheng Wang, Hang Yin, Yuhan Lin, Xingyu Wang, Quansheng Wang, and Yukangping Zhou Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1731-1743 [Online Full Text] Quansheng Wang, Hang Yin, Yuhan Lin, Xingyu Wang, Quansheng Wang, and Yukangping Zhou, "CAE-YOLO: An Efficient Underwater Object Detection Method Based on YOLOv8," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1731-1743, 2026
WDDR-YOLO: a Driver Distraction Detection Algorithm Yan Lu, Zhongyu Xing, Meng Li, and Guoqiang Liu Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1744-1756 [Online Full Text] Yan Lu, Zhongyu Xing, Meng Li, and Guoqiang Liu, "WDDR-YOLO: a Driver Distraction Detection Algorithm," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1744-1756, 2026
A Novel Hybrid Differential Evolution-based Hiking Optimization Algorithm Kaizhen Sun, and Yong Zhang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1757-1771 [Online Full Text] Kaizhen Sun, and Yong Zhang, "A Novel Hybrid Differential Evolution-based Hiking Optimization Algorithm," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1757-1771, 2026
Design and Application of Mixed Tukey DMA-EWMA Control Charts for Enhanced Process Mean Monitoring Rattikarn Taboran, Yupaporn Areepong, and Saowanit Sukparungsee Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1772-1783 [Online Full Text] Rattikarn Taboran, Yupaporn Areepong, and Saowanit Sukparungsee, "Design and Application of Mixed Tukey DMA-EWMA Control Charts for Enhanced Process Mean Monitoring," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1772-1783, 2026
Wiring State Detection of Three-Phase Four-Wire Electric Meter Using GME-YOLO11n Kaihan Lin, Hangyu Zhou, Silin Guo, Junfeng Chen, Jujian Lv, Kaidi Lin, Rongjun Chen, and Jiawen Li Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1784-1793 [Online Full Text] Kaihan Lin, Hangyu Zhou, Silin Guo, Junfeng Chen, Jujian Lv, Kaidi Lin, Rongjun Chen, and Jiawen Li, "Wiring State Detection of Three-Phase Four-Wire Electric Meter Using GME-YOLO11n," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1784-1793, 2026
Research on Deep Learning-Based Algorithms for Small Target Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications Xingran Zhao, and Tianwei Shi Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1794-1804 [Online Full Text] Xingran Zhao, and Tianwei Shi, "Research on Deep Learning-Based Algorithms for Small Target Detection in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1794-1804, 2026
CLBPNN: A Hybrid Chaotic Levy-BPNN Algorithm for Enhanced Photovoltaic Parameter Identification Jun Qian, Hui Zhang, and Shun Wang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1805-1815 [Online Full Text] Jun Qian, Hui Zhang, and Shun Wang, "CLBPNN: A Hybrid Chaotic Levy-BPNN Algorithm for Enhanced Photovoltaic Parameter Identification," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1805-1815, 2026
S2FNet: Spectral-Spatial Fusion Network for Robust Classification of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery Bowen Li, Zhengpeng Li, Jun Hu, Bin Yang, and Yuanyuan Zhang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1816-1825 [Online Full Text] Bowen Li, Zhengpeng Li, Jun Hu, Bin Yang, and Yuanyuan Zhang, "S2FNet: Spectral-Spatial Fusion Network for Robust Classification of High-Resolution Remote Sensing Imagery," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1816-1825, 2026
Ensemble-Based Classification of Software-Defined Network (SDN) Attacks Traffic Aladesote Olomi Isaiah, Azizol Abdullah, Normalia Samian, and Zurina Mohd. Hanapi Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1826-1841 [Online Full Text] Aladesote Olomi Isaiah, Azizol Abdullah, Normalia Samian, and Zurina Mohd. Hanapi, "Ensemble-Based Classification of Software-Defined Network (SDN) Attacks Traffic," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1826-1841, 2026
Low-light Object Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv11s Yeqing Yuan, and Weisheng Liu Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1842-1855 [Online Full Text] Yeqing Yuan, and Weisheng Liu, "Low-light Object Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLOv11s," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1842-1855, 2026
Enhanced Lightweight Marine Organism Detection with Dynamic Feature Fusion Weiguo Yi, and Yan Wang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1856-1864 [Online Full Text] Weiguo Yi, and Yan Wang, "Enhanced Lightweight Marine Organism Detection with Dynamic Feature Fusion," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1856-1864, 2026
Model Order Estimation for Low-Frequency Oscillations Using Optimized Density Peak Clustering with K-Nearest Neighbor and Weighted Similarity Luzhuang Li, Zhao Zhang, Hongyan Zhou, and Xue-Bo Chen Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1865-1873 [Online Full Text] Luzhuang Li, Zhao Zhang, Hongyan Zhou, and Xue-Bo Chen, "Model Order Estimation for Low-Frequency Oscillations Using Optimized Density Peak Clustering with K-Nearest Neighbor and Weighted Similarity," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1865-1873, 2026
A CNN-BiLSTM Bearing Fault Diagnosis Model Based on an Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm Xitong Deng, Yukun Wang, and Qingyao Meng Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1874-1891 [Online Full Text] Xitong Deng, Yukun Wang, and Qingyao Meng, "A CNN-BiLSTM Bearing Fault Diagnosis Model Based on an Improved Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1874-1891, 2026
An Energy Efficient Positioning of a Low-Altitude Platform in Non-Terrestrial Networks for Serving IoT Devices Ali Y. Al-Zahrani Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1892-1900 [Online Full Text] Ali Y. Al-Zahrani, "An Energy Efficient Positioning of a Low-Altitude Platform in Non-Terrestrial Networks for Serving IoT Devices," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1892-1900, 2026
CCLS-YOLO: A Lightweight Algorithm for Dense Small Pedestrian Detection HuiChuan Li, and Lei Huang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1901-1910 [Online Full Text] HuiChuan Li, and Lei Huang, "CCLS-YOLO: A Lightweight Algorithm for Dense Small Pedestrian Detection," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1901-1910, 2026
CPL-YOLO: An Underwater Object Detection Algorithm Based on Feature Enhancement and Multi-Scale Fusion Fudan Yang, and Weisheng Liu Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1911-1923 [Online Full Text] Fudan Yang, and Weisheng Liu, "CPL-YOLO: An Underwater Object Detection Algorithm Based on Feature Enhancement and Multi-Scale Fusion," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1911-1923, 2026
On Some Bounds of Clique Sombor Index and the Effect of Edge or Vertex Removal in a Graph T P Thrivikram, Sunita Priya DSilva, K Arathi Bhat, and Smitha Ganesh Bhat Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1924-1930 [Online Full Text] T P Thrivikram, Sunita Priya DSilva, K Arathi Bhat, and Smitha Ganesh Bhat, "On Some Bounds of Clique Sombor Index and the Effect of Edge or Vertex Removal in a Graph," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1924-1930, 2026
MAE-YOLO: An Enhanced YOLOv11 Model for Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images Xiaolin Gu, and Mingze Li Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1931-1940 [Online Full Text] Xiaolin Gu, and Mingze Li, "MAE-YOLO: An Enhanced YOLOv11 Model for Object Detection in Remote Sensing Images," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1931-1940, 2026
GL-YOLO: An Enhanced YOLOv11-Based Model for Steel Surface Defect Detection Fanghan Wu, and Yujun Zhang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1941-1952 [Online Full Text] Fanghan Wu, and Yujun Zhang, "GL-YOLO: An Enhanced YOLOv11-Based Model for Steel Surface Defect Detection," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1941-1952, 2026
Road Damage Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLO-OD Bing Wu, and Ying Tian Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1953-1960 [Online Full Text] Bing Wu, and Ying Tian, "Road Damage Detection Algorithm Based on Improved YOLO-OD," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1953-1960, 2026
A High-Precision Object Detection Model for Autonomous Driving Under Complex Road Conditions Weiguo Yi, Xiaonan Song, and Lingwei Yan Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1961-1968 [Online Full Text] Weiguo Yi, Xiaonan Song, and Lingwei Yan, "A High-Precision Object Detection Model for Autonomous Driving Under Complex Road Conditions," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1961-1968, 2026
Aircraft Emergency Landing Areas Accessibility Analysis Using Multi-objective Optimization Adil Illi, El Mahdi El Guarmah, Salah El Hadaj, and Khadija Bouzaachane Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1969-1977 [Online Full Text] Adil Illi, El Mahdi El Guarmah, Salah El Hadaj, and Khadija Bouzaachane, "Aircraft Emergency Landing Areas Accessibility Analysis Using Multi-objective Optimization," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1969-1977, 2026
YOLO-RailDet: A Small-Scale Defect and Noise-Robust Detection Framework for Railway Track Surface Inspection Yifan Li, Dong Liang, and Xusong Xu Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1978-1987 [Online Full Text] Yifan Li, Dong Liang, and Xusong Xu, "YOLO-RailDet: A Small-Scale Defect and Noise-Robust Detection Framework for Railway Track Surface Inspection," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1978-1987, 2026
Fixed-Time Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control of Stochastic Nonlinear Systems with Asymmetric Output Constraint Xilong Wang, Wenhua Cui, Dongxiang Gao, and Ye Tao Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1988-1994 [Online Full Text] Xilong Wang, Wenhua Cui, Dongxiang Gao, and Ye Tao, "Fixed-Time Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Control of Stochastic Nonlinear Systems with Asymmetric Output Constraint," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1988-1994, 2026
A Deep Learning-Based Algorithm for Small Object Detection in UAV Images Yuan Gao, and Li Wang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp1995-2006 [Online Full Text] Yuan Gao, and Li Wang, "A Deep Learning-Based Algorithm for Small Object Detection in UAV Images," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp1995-2006, 2026
Disturbance Observer-Based Command-Filtered Adaptive Controller for Hot Strip Finishing Mill Shuochen Yan, Lidong Wang, Zhongfeng Li, and Yuliang Cai Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2007-2017 [Online Full Text] Shuochen Yan, Lidong Wang, Zhongfeng Li, and Yuliang Cai, "Disturbance Observer-Based Command-Filtered Adaptive Controller for Hot Strip Finishing Mill," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2007-2017, 2026
Copula-Based Spatial Extreme Value Application in Bengkulu Province's Earthquake Risk Mapping Pepi Novianti, Etis Sunandi, Winalia Agwil, Arif Ismul Hadi, Milzam Wafiazizi, Febry Widyan Adha, Aji Pandu Winata, Anggun Paila, and Nala Kamila Azizy Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2018-2025 [Online Full Text] Pepi Novianti, Etis Sunandi, Winalia Agwil, Arif Ismul Hadi, Milzam Wafiazizi, Febry Widyan Adha, Aji Pandu Winata, Anggun Paila, and Nala Kamila Azizy, "Copula-Based Spatial Extreme Value Application in Bengkulu Province's Earthquake Risk Mapping," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2018-2025, 2026
Research on Traffic Sign Recognition Based on Improved YOLOv11n Zhiwei Guan, and Yang Xu Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2026-2041 [Online Full Text] Zhiwei Guan, and Yang Xu, "Research on Traffic Sign Recognition Based on Improved YOLOv11n," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2026-2041, 2026
Research on Against Progressive Collapse Mechanism of Conventional Island Main Plant Based on Alternate Path Method Pengfei Qi, Wenhao Zhao, Qiang Pei, Ruifang Yu, and Cong Wu Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2042-2053 [Online Full Text] Pengfei Qi, Wenhao Zhao, Qiang Pei, Ruifang Yu, and Cong Wu, "Research on Against Progressive Collapse Mechanism of Conventional Island Main Plant Based on Alternate Path Method," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2042-2053, 2026
For Accurate yet Lightweight Road Defect Detection: An Efficient Architecture and a Task-Aligned Training Strategy Jinchi Zhao, Yang Yu, Yinglun Hui, Hening Qu, Yiran Li, and Chunna Zhang Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2054-2063 [Online Full Text] Jinchi Zhao, Yang Yu, Yinglun Hui, Hening Qu, Yiran Li, and Chunna Zhang, "For Accurate yet Lightweight Road Defect Detection: An Efficient Architecture and a Task-Aligned Training Strategy," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2054-2063, 2026
FPGA Based True Random Number Generator Using Programmable Ring Oscillator Delays V Sagar Reddy, HK Raghu Vamsi, Ch Ganesh, Dontika Divya, Munukuntla Vasanth, and Ranjan K Senapati Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2064-2071 [Online Full Text] V Sagar Reddy, HK Raghu Vamsi, Ch Ganesh, Dontika Divya, Munukuntla Vasanth, and Ranjan K Senapati, "FPGA Based True Random Number Generator Using Programmable Ring Oscillator Delays," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2064-2071, 2026
Research on the Distribution Law of Lateral Earth Pressure on Adjacent Structures Under the Influence of Retaining Structure Deformation Hua Luo, Ying Liu, Yongyan Liang, Weiwei Wang, Bin Li, Qincong She, and Yongqing Zeng Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2072-2085 [Online Full Text] Hua Luo, Ying Liu, Yongyan Liang, Weiwei Wang, Bin Li, Qincong She, and Yongqing Zeng, "Research on the Distribution Law of Lateral Earth Pressure on Adjacent Structures Under the Influence of Retaining Structure Deformation," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2072-2085, 2026
BOH-YOLO: A Lightweight and Efficient Infrared Target Detection Model Xiaoliang Zhu, and Ziwei Zhou Engineering Letters, 34:5, pp2086-2095 [Online Full Text] Xiaoliang Zhu, and Ziwei Zhou, "BOH-YOLO: A Lightweight and Efficient Infrared Target Detection Model," Engineering Letters, vol. 34, no. 5, pp2086-2095, 2026
Coming Special Issues of Engineering Letters Engineering Letters welcomes author submission of papers concerning any branch of the engineering and the computer science and their applications in business, industry and other subjects. The subjects covered by the journal include artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, computational statistics, database, data mining, financial engineering, hardware systems, imaging engineering, industrial engineering, internet computing, networking, operations research, scientific computing, software engineering, and their applications. With the efforts of the Editorial Board Members of Engineering Letters, the new online version and print version of the journal Engineering Letters has become available to the general public, instead of its old restricted versions. All submitted papers are to be peer-reviewed for ensuring their qualities.
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